Which Enzyme Among The Following Solely Generates Glucose?

The liver and kidneys are the only organisms that have the gluconeogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which can convert glucose 6-phosphate into free glucose. This enzyme is responsible for producing glucose and fructose. In addition to glucose, other enzymes such as amylase, lactase, sucrase, maltase, and maltase also produce glucose.

Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase or glucokinase using ATP and a phosphate group. Glycolysis produces only two net molecules of ATP per 1 molecule of glucose, but in cells lacking mitochondria and oxygen supply, glycolysis is the sole process by which cells can produce ATP.

Glucose-6-phosphatase is the final step in gluconeogenesis, which is also the final step in the conversion of lactate into glucose. There are 14 enzymes involved in this process, with three classified as gluconeogenic (PEPCK, fructose-1,6).

Salivary amylase is a glucose-polymer cleavage enzyme produced by salivary glands. Sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by the enzyme invertase, which readily enters the glycolytic pathway. The liver uses both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to produce glucose, while the kidney only uses gluconeogenesis. After a meal, the liver shifts to gluconeogenesis to produce glucose.

Which of the following is the most specific enzyme for glucose?

The glucose oxidase enzyme reacts with glucose, water, and oxygen to form gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which can be used to estimate the amount of glucose present. This method is specific for β-d-glucose and is not affected by other sugars. In aqueous solution, approximately 66 of d-glucose is in the β state and 34 exist as α-d-glucose. The rate of interconversion is pH and temperature dependent. Some methods add a glucomutarostase to the reagents to speed up the conversion to the beta anomere, but this does not alter the clinical results.

The measurement of generated hydrogen peroxide is not as specific as the first glucose oxidase reaction. Numerous reducing substances can potentially inhibit the oxidation of the chromogen. Ascorbic acid will yield spuriously low blood glucose measurements, and glucose oxidase methods are not directly applicable to urine samples. The measurement of oxygen consumption using an oxygen-specific electrode avoids the problem of interfering reducing agents.

Home glucose monitoring is generally accurate and reliable, with results slightly lower than simultaneous venous samples. Most patients can visually estimate the correct value, but some misread visual charts and must use a reflectance meter. Major sources of error include failing to put a large enough drop of blood on the strip and inaccurate timing.

Glucose oxidase strips cost about 50 cents each, while reflectance meters average $150. It has been estimated that if 20 of the country’s Type I diabetics were involved in a 4-time-a-day home glucose measurement program, the annual cost would be $225 to $645 million. However, the cost of reagents is decreasing, and patients who visually read the strips can save money by learning home glucose measurement.

What produces glucose in the body?

Issues of Concern. The average fasting blood glucose concentration (no meal within the last 3 to 4 hours) is between 80 to 90 mg/dl. On average, postprandial blood glucose may rise to 120 to 140 mg/dl, but the body’s feedback mechanism returns the glucose to normal within 2 hours. During starvation, the liver provides glucose to the body through gluconeogenesis, synthesizing glucose from lactate and amino acids.

We can summarize blood glucose regulation and its clinical significance in the following ways:

The liver serves as a buffer for blood glucose concentration.

Which enzyme produces glucose only?

Phosphohexose isomerase converts fructose 6-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate.

Glucose-6-phosphatase dephosphorylates glucose 6-phosphate to form glucose, which can enter the bloodstream freely. This last reaction reverses the nonequilibrium reaction catalyzed by the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase.

What are the enzymes in glucose synthesis?

Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from other organic molecules like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids. Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose 1, 6 bis-phosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase are key enzymes of this process.

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What are glucose enzymes?

The glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx or GOD) also known as notatin (EC number 1. 1. 3. 4) is an oxidoreductase that catalyses the oxidation of glucose to hydrogen peroxide and D-glucono-δ-lactone.

Structure of glucose oxidase dimer (dark and light blue) complexed with FAD (salmon) and glycans (aquamarine) from Penicillium amagasakiense.

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa).

The glucose oxidase enzyme ( GOx or GOD ) also known as notatin (EC number 1. 1. 3. 4) is an oxidoreductase that catalyses the oxidation of glucose to hydrogen peroxide and D-glucono-δ-lactone. This enzyme is produced by certain species of fungi and insects and displays antibacterial activity when oxygen and glucose are present.

Which of the following enzymes produces glucose and galactose?

Carbohydrate digestion involves the breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose, sucrose, and lactose, which are then transported across the intestinal epithelium into the bloodstream. The monosaccharides produced are absorbed and used in metabolic pathways to harness energy. Protein digestion, on the other hand, begins in the stomach with the enzyme pepsin, which breaks down intact proteins into peptides. In the duodenum, other enzymes like trypsin, elastase, and chymotrypsin act on the peptides, reducing them to smaller peptides. Peptases, such as carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase, and aminopeptidase, further break down peptides to single amino acids, which are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestines.

Lipid digestion begins in the stomach with the aid of lingual lipase and gastric lipase, but the bulk of lipid digestion occurs in the small intestine due to pancreatic lipase. When chyme enters the duodenum, hormonal responses trigger the release of bile, produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile aids in the digestion of lipids, primarily triglycerides, by emulsification. Emulsification is a process where large lipid globules are broken down into several small lipid globules, which are more widely distributed in the chyme. Bile contains bile salts, which are amphipathic, meaning they contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. By emulsifying large lipid globules into small lipid globules, bile salts help maintain proper cellular function.

What is the glucose producing enzyme?

The most important glucose transforming enzyme from a commercial viewpoint is glucose isomerase. Other well-known enzymes are the glucose oxidases; the preferred position for the oxidation of glucose is C-1, yielding gluconic acid.

Adachi, O. & Ameyama, M.. Methods in Enzymology, 89, 159.

Ameyama, M., Shinagawa, E., Matsushita, K. & Adachi, O.. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 45, 851.

Ameyama, M., Nonobe, M., Hayashi, M., Shinagawa, E., Matsushita, K. & Adachi, O.. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 49, 1227.

Which of the following contains only glucose?

Final answer: Glycogen and cellulose are made of only glucose, while maltose is composed of two glucose molecules.

What is the enzyme for glucose production?

There are 14 enzymes involved in the conversion of lactate to glucose; three of these enzymes are classified as gluconeogenic (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase) and one is anaplerotic (pyruvate carboxylase), since it is important in both gluconeogenesis and …

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What produces glucose and galactose?

Galactose is a monosaccharide. When combined with glucose (another monosaccharide) through a condensation reaction, the result is a disaccharide called lactose. The hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose is catalyzed by the enzymes lactase and β-galactosidase. The latter is produced by the lac operon in Escherichia coli.

In nature, lactose is found primarily in milk and milk products. Consequently, various food products made with dairy-derived ingredients can contain lactose. Galactose metabolism, which converts galactose into glucose, is carried out by the three principal enzymes in a mechanism known as the Leloir pathway. The enzymes are listed in the order of the metabolic pathway: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose-4′-epimerase (GALE). ( citation needed )

In human lactation, galactose is required in a 1 to 1 ratio with glucose to enable the mammary glands to synthesize and secrete lactose. In a study where women were fed a diet containing galactose, 69 ± 6% of glucose and 54 ± 4% of galactose in the lactose they produced were derived directly from plasma glucose, while 7 ± 2% of the glucose and 12 ± 2% of the galactose in the lactose, were derived directly from plasma galactose. 25 ± 8% of the glucose and 35 ± 6% of the galactose was synthesized from smaller molecules such as glycerol or acetate in a process referred to in the paper as hexoneogenesis. This suggests that the synthesis of galactose is supplemented by direct uptake and of use of plasma galactose when present.

Glucose is more stable than galactose and is less susceptible to the formation of nonspecific glycoconjugates, molecules with at least one sugar attached to a protein or lipid. Many speculate that it is for this reason that a pathway for rapid conversion from galactose to glucose has been highly conserved among many species.