Why Does Atrophic Gastritis Occur?

Atrophic gastritis (AG) is a chronic condition that causes inflammation of the stomach lining over time, often caused by H. pylori bacteria. The main cause of this condition is the H. pylori infection, which usually occurs during childhood and worsens over time. The infection can be caused by direct contact with contaminated materials such as feces, food, or sali.

Gastrointestinal issues can result from the thinning or atrophy of the stomach lining, leading to the loss of gastric glandular cells and their eventual replacement by intestinal cells. The etiology of atrophic gastritis is still debated, but it is known that H. pylori bacteria are the main culprit for chronic atrophic gastritis. Treatment focuses on eliminating the bacterial infection and correcting any underlying conditions.

Atrophic gastritis is a histopathologic entity characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa, leading to the loss of gastric glandular cells and their eventual replacement by intestinal cells. One type of atrophic gastritis, environmental metaplastic atrophic gastritis (EMAG), is usually caused by H. pylori infection.

The risk of atrophic gastritis is increased by persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori or an autoimmune response. Individuals with autoimmune atrophic gastritis (Type A gastritis) may experience atrophic gastritis due to chronic inflammation and environmental factors like cigarette smoking and high salt intake.

Atrophic gastritis is often difficult to diagnose due to its lack of specific symptoms. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis is an inherited autoimmune disease that attacks parietal cells, resulting in hypochlorhydria and decreased production of hormones.

What causes atrophic gastritis?

Atrophic gastritis (AG) is a chronic inflammation and thinning of your stomach lining accompanied by a change in your stomach lining cells to mimic intestinal cells. One type of atrophic gastritis, environmental metaplastic atrophic gastritis (EMAG), is usually caused by H. pylori infection.

What are atrophic gastritis and autoimmune atrophic gastritis?. Atrophic gastritis (AG) is a chronic inflammation and thinning of your stomach lining. In addition, the cells in your stomach lining mimic intestinal cells.

One type of atrophic gastritis, known as environmental metaplastic atrophic gastritis (EMAG), occurs when environmental factors cause chronic inflammation. Chronic infection with H. pylori ( Helicobacter pylori ) bacteria often leads to this condition. These bacteria disrupt the mucus that usually protects your stomach lining from acidic juices released during digestion. Over many years, this acid destroys the cells in your stomach lining, causing EMAG.

Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is the second type of atrophic gastritis. It occurs when your immune system attacks your stomach lining cells. Healthcare providers may also call this condition autoimmune gastritis (AIG) or autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG).

How does atrophic gastritis cause iron deficiency?

In patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, in addition to vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) may precede or overlap with age being an important factor that manifests first. Younger patients are more likely to develop features of iron deficiency anemia while those over 60 years of age tend to have massive vitamin B12 deficiency. Age-dependent anemia presentation in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis reflects a higher prevalence of active H. pylori infection in younger patients. As a result, red blood cell indices such as mean cell volume (MCV) may not be reliable in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, as there may be two distinct or overlapping pathologies (may be present). mean cell volume increased and mean cell volume decreased), so it appeared within the normal range. A possible role of decreased acid secretion in the development of iron malabsorption has been suggested in different models of acid reduction/reduction. Low gastric acid secretion is the result of parietal cell loss. This low production of stomach acid leads to a decrease in the solubility of iron in food and a decrease in iron absorption. Thus, iron deficiency anemia is a common manifestation of chronic atrophic gastritis, but is often overlooked.

Bệnh nhân cao tuổi mắc viêm teo dạ dày mạn tính có tỉ lệ nhiễm H. pylori cao hơn người trẻ tuổi.

See also: Vitamin D, C and calcium deficiency in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis – Posted by Master, Doctor Mai Vien Phuong – Department of Medical Examination & Internal Medicine – Vinmec International General Hospital Central Park.

What is the main cause of gastritis?

It can be caused by drinking too much alcohol, certain medicines, or smoking.

Some diseases and other health issues can also cause gastritis.

Symptoms may include stomach pain, belching, nausea, vomiting, abdominal bleeding, feeling full, and blood in vomit or stool.

In most cases, you will be given antacids and other medicines to reduce your stomach acid.

Don’t have foods or drinks that irritate your stomach lining.

What is the result of atrophic gastritis?

H pylori– associated atrophic gastritis is frequently asymptomatic, but individuals with this disease are at increased risk of developing gastric carcinoma, which may decrease following H pylori eradication. reference_ids_tool_tip reference_ids Patients with chronic atrophic gastritis develop low gastric acid output and hypergastrinemia, which may lead to enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and carcinoid tumors. reference_ids_tool_tip reference_ids.

For patient education resources, see the Digestive Disorders Center, as well as Gastritis.

H pylori–associated atrophic gastritis. H pylori are gram-negative bacteria that colonize and infect the stomach. The bacteria lodge within the mucous layer of the stomach along the gastric surface epithelium and the upper portions of the gastric foveolae and rarely are present in the deeper glands (see the 3 images below).

Atrophic gastritis. Schematic representation of Helicobacter pylori–associated patterns of gastritis. Involvement of the corpus, fundus, and gastric antrum, with progressive development of gastric atrophy as a result of the loss of gastric glands and partial replacement of gastric glands by intestinal-type epithelium, or intestinal metaplasia (represented by the blue areas in the diagram) characterize multifocal atrophic gastritis. Individuals who develop gastric carcinoma and gastric ulcers usually present with this pattern of gastritis. Inflammation mostly limited to the antrum characterizes antral-predominant gastritis. Individuals with peptic ulcers usually develop this pattern of gastritis, and it is the most frequent pattern in the Western countries.

What are the environmental causes of atrophic gastritis?

Atrophic gastritis is the result of chronic inflammation and regenerative changes. Most cases of atrophic gastritis are associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Other environmental etiologies, such as nitrate exposure and autoimmune disorders, also cause gastric atrophy, however.

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Is atrophic gastritis caused by PPI?

Apart from chronic H. pylori infection, proton-pump-inhibitor (PPI) usage is another potential risk factor for the development of gastric atrophy. With the potent acid suppression, PPIs could induce changes in the gastric environment, including hypergastrinemia and enterochromaffin cells hyperplasia. 11 There is also evidence suggesting that PPIs could contribute to bacterial overgrowth in the stomach. 12 Intuitively, PPIs worsen gastric atrophy and hence could increase the risk of gastric cancer. 10.

In this review, we will examine the latest literature to decipher the role of PPIs in gastric cancer development, particularly in relation to H. pylori infection.

Potential carcinogenic mechanisms of proton-pump inhibitors. Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have become one of the most commonly prescribed medications worldwide since their introduction in 1980s, 13 and have been the cornerstone of the management of upper gastrointestinal diseases including peptic ulcer disease (PUD), H. pylori infection, dyspepsia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, emerging data have shown that long-term PPIs are associated with a number of side effects, including bone fracture, 14 Clostridium difficile infection, 15 pneumonia, 16 myocardial infarction and stroke, 17 although a causality has not yet been confirmed.

What immune conditions cause gastritis?

Autoimmune diseases, which involve an alteration of the immune system leading to a loss of tolerance to self-antigens, often coexist in the same patient. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis, characterized by the development of antibodies against parietal cells and against intrinsic factors, leads to mucosal destruction affecting the corpus and fundus of the stomach. It is frequently associated with thyroid disease, including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Other autoimmune conditions, such as Addison’s disease, chronic spontaneous urticaria, myasthenia gravis, vitiligo, and perioral cutaneous autoimmune conditions, such as erosive oral lichen planus, have also been associated with autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Interestingly, celiac disease, another frequent autoimmune condition, seems to play a protective role for autoimmune atrophic gastritis. The elevated prevalence of autoimmune disease clustering should prompt clinicians to exclude concomitant autoimmune conditions upon diagnosis of any autoimmune disease.

What is the most common cause of gastritis worldwide?

There are two categories of gastritis depending on the cause of the disease. There is erosive gastritis, for which the common causes are stress, alcohol, some drugs, such as aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and Crohn’s disease. And, there is non-erosive gastritis, for which the most common cause is a Helicobacter pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomachs of more than half of the world’s population, and the infection continues to play a key role in the pathogenesis of a number of gastroduodenal diseases. Colonization of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori results in the development of chronic gastritis in infected individuals and, in a subset of patients, chronic gastritis progresses to complications (e. g., ulcer disease, stomach cancers, and some distinct extragastric disorders). Gastritis caused by H. pylori infection is termed Helicobacter pylori induced gastritis, and listed as a disease in ICD11. More than 80% of individuals infected with the bacterium are asymptomatic and it has been postulated that it may play an important role in the natural stomach ecology.

Gastritis may also develop after major surgery or traumatic injury (” Cushing ulcer “), burns (” Curling ulcer “), or severe infections. Gastritis may also occur in those who have had weight loss surgery resulting in the banding or reconstruction of the digestive tract. ( citation needed )

What deficiency causes gastritis?

Gastritis: Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining, and it’s a common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency. It can cause vitamin B12 deficiency due to a lack of hydrochloric acid in your stomach, which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption.

What is vitamin B12 deficiency?. Vitamin B12 deficiency happens when your body is either not getting enough or not absorbing enough vitamin B12 from the food that you eat that it needs to function properly. Vitamin B12 is an important nutrient that helps your body make red blood cells and DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells.

Untreated, vitamin B12 deficiency can cause physical, neurological and psychological problems.

What is vitamin B12?. Vitamin B12 is an important nutrient that helps your body keep your nerve cells and blood cells healthy. It also helps your body make DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells. Your body doesn’t make vitamin B12 on its own. You have to consume food and drinks that have vitamin B12 in order to get it. Vitamin B12 is found in animal products you eat and drink, like meat, dairy and eggs. It can also be found in fortified foods (foods that have certain vitamins and nutrients added to them) such as certain cereals, bread and nutritional yeast.

What is the development of atrophic gastritis?

Age-related demographics. Atrophic gastritis is detected late in life, because it results from the effects of long-standing damage to the gastric mucosa.

H pylori– associated atrophic gastritis develops gradually, but extensive multifocal atrophy usually is detected in individuals older than 50 years.

Patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis usually present with pernicious anemia, which typically is diagnosed in individuals aged approximately 60 years; however, pernicious anemia can be detected in children (juvenile pernicious anemia).

Atrophic gastritis is a progressive condition with increasing loss of gastric glands and replacement by foci of intestinal metaplasia over years.